/* -*- c++ -*- */ /* * Copyright 2009,2010,2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. * * This file is part of GNU Radio * * GNU Radio is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) * any later version. * * GNU Radio is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with GNU Radio; see the file COPYING. If not, write to * the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, * Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */ #ifndef INCLUDED_DIGITAL_PFB_CLOCK_SYNC_CCF_H #define INCLUDED_DIGITAL_PFB_CLOCK_SYNC_CCF_H #include <digital/api.h> #include <filter/fir_filter.h> #include <gr_block.h> namespace gr { namespace digital { /*! * \class digital_pfb_clock_sync_ccf * * \brief Timing synchronizer using polyphase filterbanks * * \ingroup filter_blk * \ingroup pfb_blk * * This block performs timing synchronization for PAM signals by * minimizing the derivative of the filtered signal, which in turn * maximizes the SNR and minimizes ISI. * * This approach works by setting up two filterbanks; one * filterbank contains the signal's pulse shaping matched filter * (such as a root raised cosine filter), where each branch of the * filterbank contains a different phase of the filter. The * second filterbank contains the derivatives of the filters in * the first filterbank. Thinking of this in the time domain, the * first filterbank contains filters that have a sinc shape to * them. We want to align the output signal to be sampled at * exactly the peak of the sinc shape. The derivative of the sinc * contains a zero at the maximum point of the sinc (sinc(0) = 1, * sinc(0)' = 0). Furthermore, the region around the zero point * is relatively linear. We make use of this fact to generate the * error signal. * * If the signal out of the derivative filters is d_i[n] for the * ith filter, and the output of the matched filter is x_i[n], we * calculate the error as: e[n] = (Re{x_i[n]} * Re{d_i[n]} + * Im{x_i[n]} * Im{d_i[n]}) / 2.0 This equation averages the error * in the real and imaginary parts. There are two reasons we * multiply by the signal itself. First, if the symbol could be * positive or negative going, but we want the error term to * always tell us to go in the same direction depending on which * side of the zero point we are on. The sign of x_i[n] adjusts * the error term to do this. Second, the magnitude of x_i[n] * scales the error term depending on the symbol's amplitude, so * larger signals give us a stronger error term because we have * more confidence in that symbol's value. Using the magnitude of * x_i[n] instead of just the sign is especially good for signals * with low SNR. * * The error signal, e[n], gives us a value proportional to how * far away from the zero point we are in the derivative * signal. We want to drive this value to zero, so we set up a * second order loop. We have two variables for this loop; d_k is * the filter number in the filterbank we are on and d_rate is the * rate which we travel through the filters in the steady * state. That is, due to the natural clock differences between * the transmitter and receiver, d_rate represents that difference * and would traverse the filter phase paths to keep the receiver * locked. Thinking of this as a second-order PLL, the d_rate is * the frequency and d_k is the phase. So we update d_rate and d_k * using the standard loop equations based on two error signals, * d_alpha and d_beta. We have these two values set based on each * other for a critically damped system, so in the block * constructor, we just ask for "gain," which is d_alpha while * d_beta is equal to (gain^2)/4. * * The block's parameters are: * * \li \p sps: The clock sync block needs to know the number of * samples per symbol, because it defaults to return a single * point representing the symbol. The sps can be any positive real * number and does not need to be an integer. * * \li \p loop_bw: The loop bandwidth is used to set the gain of * the inner control loop (see: * http://gnuradio.squarespace.com/blog/2011/8/13/control-loop-gain-values.html). * This should be set small (a value of around 2pi/100 is * suggested in that blog post as the step size for the number of * radians around the unit circle to move relative to the error). * * \li \p taps: One of the most important parameters for this * block is the taps of the filter. One of the benefits of this * algorithm is that you can put the matched filter in here as the * taps, so you get both the matched filter and sample timing * correction in one go. So create your normal matched filter. For * a typical digital modulation, this is a root raised cosine * filter. The number of taps of this filter is based on how long * you expect the channel to be; that is, how many symbols do you * want to combine to get the current symbols energy back (there's * probably a better way of stating that). It's usually 5 to 10 or * so. That gives you your filter, but now we need to think about * it as a filter with different phase profiles in each filter. So * take this number of taps and multiply it by the number of * filters. This is the number you would use to create your * prototype filter. When you use this in the PFB filerbank, it * segments these taps into the filterbanks in such a way that * each bank now represents the filter at different phases, * equally spaced at 2pi/N, where N is the number of filters. * * \li \p filter_size (default=32): The number of filters can also * be set and defaults to 32. With 32 filters, you get a good * enough resolution in the phase to produce very small, almost * unnoticeable, ISI. Going to 64 filters can reduce this more, * but after that there is very little gained for the extra * complexity. * * \li \p init_phase (default=0): The initial phase is another * settable parameter and refers to the filter path the algorithm * initially looks at (i.e., d_k starts at init_phase). This value * defaults to zero, but it might be useful to start at a * different phase offset, such as the mid-point of the filters. * * \li \p max_rate_deviation (default=1.5): The next parameter is * the max_rate_devitation, which defaults to 1.5. This is how far * we allow d_rate to swing, positive or negative, from * 0. Constraining the rate can help keep the algorithm from * walking too far away to lock during times when there is no * signal. * * \li \p osps (default=1): The osps is the number of output * samples per symbol. By default, the algorithm produces 1 sample * per symbol, sampled at the exact sample value. This osps value * was added to better work with equalizers, which do a better job * of modeling the channel if they have 2 samps/sym. */ class DIGITAL_API pfb_clock_sync_ccf : virtual public gr_block { public: // gr::digital::pfb_clock_sync_ccf::sptr typedef boost::shared_ptr<pfb_clock_sync_ccf> sptr; /*! * Build the polyphase filterbank timing synchronizer. * \param sps (double) The number of samples per symbol in the incoming signal * \param loop_bw (float) The bandwidth of the control loop; set's alpha and beta. * \param taps (vector<int>) The filter taps. * \param filter_size (uint) The number of filters in the filterbank (default = 32). * \param init_phase (float) The initial phase to look at, or which filter to start * with (default = 0). * \param max_rate_deviation (float) Distance from 0 d_rate can get (default = 1.5). * \param osps (int) The number of output samples per symbol (default=1). */ static sptr make(double sps, float loop_bw, const std::vector<float> &taps, unsigned int filter_size=32, float init_phase=0, float max_rate_deviation=1.5, int osps=1); /*! \brief update the system gains from omega and eta * * This function updates the system gains based on the loop * bandwidth and damping factor of the system. * These two factors can be set separately through their own * set functions. */ virtual void update_gains() = 0; /*! * Resets the filterbank's filter taps with the new prototype filter */ virtual void set_taps(const std::vector<float> &taps, std::vector< std::vector<float> > &ourtaps, std::vector<gr::filter::kernel::fir_filter_ccf*> &ourfilter) = 0; /*! * Returns all of the taps of the matched filter */ virtual std::vector< std::vector<float> > taps() const = 0; /*! * Returns all of the taps of the derivative filter */ virtual std::vector< std::vector<float> > diff_taps() const = 0; /*! * Returns the taps of the matched filter for a particular channel */ virtual std::vector<float> channel_taps(int channel) const = 0; /*! * Returns the taps in the derivative filter for a particular channel */ virtual std::vector<float> diff_channel_taps(int channel) const = 0; /*! * Return the taps as a formatted string for printing */ virtual std::string taps_as_string() const = 0; /*! * Return the derivative filter taps as a formatted string for printing */ virtual std::string diff_taps_as_string() const = 0; /******************************************************************* SET FUNCTIONS *******************************************************************/ /*! * \brief Set the loop bandwidth * * Set the loop filter's bandwidth to \p bw. This should be * between 2*pi/200 and 2*pi/100 (in rads/samp). It must also be * a positive number. * * When a new damping factor is set, the gains, alpha and beta, * of the loop are recalculated by a call to update_gains(). * * \param bw (float) new bandwidth */ virtual void set_loop_bandwidth(float bw) = 0; /*! * \brief Set the loop damping factor * * Set the loop filter's damping factor to \p df. The damping * factor should be sqrt(2)/2.0 for critically damped systems. * Set it to anything else only if you know what you are * doing. It must be a number between 0 and 1. * * When a new damping factor is set, the gains, alpha and beta, * of the loop are recalculated by a call to update_gains(). * * \param df (float) new damping factor */ virtual void set_damping_factor(float df) = 0; /*! * \brief Set the loop gain alpha * * Set's the loop filter's alpha gain parameter. * * This value should really only be set by adjusting the loop * bandwidth and damping factor. * * \param alpha (float) new alpha gain */ virtual void set_alpha(float alpha) = 0; /*! * \brief Set the loop gain beta * * Set's the loop filter's beta gain parameter. * * This value should really only be set by adjusting the loop * bandwidth and damping factor. * * \param beta (float) new beta gain */ virtual void set_beta(float beta) = 0; /*! * Set the maximum deviation from 0 d_rate can have */ virtual void set_max_rate_deviation(float m) = 0; /******************************************************************* GET FUNCTIONS *******************************************************************/ /*! * \brief Returns the loop bandwidth */ virtual float loop_bandwidth() const = 0; /*! * \brief Returns the loop damping factor */ virtual float damping_factor() const = 0; /*! * \brief Returns the loop gain alpha */ virtual float alpha() const = 0; /*! * \brief Returns the loop gain beta */ virtual float beta() const = 0; /*! * \brief Returns the current clock rate */ virtual float clock_rate() const = 0; }; } /* namespace digital */ } /* namespace gr */ #endif /* INCLUDED_DIGITAL_PFB_CLOCK_SYNC_CCF_H */