+\subsection dep_gr_log gr-log: Logging Tools (Optional)

+\li log4cpp (>= 1.0) http://log4cpp.sourceforge.net/

+/*! \defgroup container_blk Top Block and Hierarchical Block Base Classes */

+/*! \defgroup audio_blk Audio Signals */

+/*! \defgroup boolean_operators_blk Boolean Operators */

+/*! \defgroup byte_operators_blk Byte Operators */

+/*! \defgroup channel_models_blk Channel Models */

+/*! \defgroup channelizers_blk Channelizers */

+/*! \defgroup coding_blk Information Coding and Decoding */

+/*! \defgroup debug_tools_blk Debug Tools */

+/*! \defgroup deprecated_blk Deprecated */

+/*! \defgroup equalizers_blk Equalizers */

+/*! \defgroup error_coding_blk Error Coding and Decoding */

+/*! \defgroup fcd_blk FCD Interface */

+/*! \defgroup file_operators_blk File Operators */

+/*! \defgroup filter_blk Filters */

+/*! \defgroup fourier_analysis_blk Fourier Analysis */

+/*! \defgroup instrumentation_blk Instrumentation Tools */

+/*! \defgroup level_controllers_blk Level Controllers */

+/*! \defgroup math_operators_blk Math Operators */

+/*! \defgroup measurement_tools_blk Measurement Tools */

+/*! \defgroup message_tools_blk Message Tools */

+/*! \defgroup misc_blk Miscellaneous */

+/*! \defgroup modulators_blk Modulators and Demodulators */

+/*! \defgroup networking_tools_blk Netwroking Tools */

+/*! \defgroup noaa_blk NOAA Blocks */

+/*! \defgroup ofdm_blk OFDM Blocks */

+/*! \defgroup packet_operators_blk Packet/Frame Operators */

+/*! \defgroup peak_detectors_blk Peak Detectors */

+/*! \defgroup pager_blk Pager Blocks */

+/*! \defgroup qtgui_blk QT Graphical Interfaces */

+/*! \defgroup resamplers_blk Resamplers */

+/*! \defgroup stream_operators_blk Streams Operators */

+/*! \defgroup stream_tag_tools_blk Stream Tag Tools */

+/*! \defgroup symbol_coding_blk Symbol Coding */

+/*! \defgroup synchronizers_blk Synchronizers */

+/*! \defgroup trellis_coding_blk Trellis Coding */

+/*! \defgroup type_converters_blk Data Type Converters */

+/*! \defgroup uhd_blk UHD Interface */

+/*! \defgroup waveform_generators_blk Waveform Generators */

+/*! \defgroup wavelet_blk Wavelet Transforms */

+/*! \defgroup wxgui_blk WX Graphical Interfaces */

+/*! \page page_logger Logging

+

+\section logging Logging

+

+GNU Radio has a logging interface to enable various levels of logging

+information to be printed to the console or a file. The logger derives

+from log4cpp (http://log4cpp.sourceforge.net/) which is readily

+available in most Linux distributions. This is an optional dependency

+and GNU Radio will work without it.

+

+When configuring GNU Radio, the -DENABLE_GR_LOG=On|Off option to cmake

+will allow the user to toggle use of the logger on and off. The logger

+defaults to "on" and will use log4cpp if it is available. If log4cpp

+is not found, the default logging will output to standard output or

+standard error, depending on the level of the log message.

+

+Logging is useful for blocks to print out certain amounts of data at

+different levels. These levels are:

+

+<pre>

+ DEBUG < INFO < WARN < TRACE < ERROR < ALERT < CRIT < FATAL < EMERG

+</pre>

+

+

+The order here determines the level of output. These levels are

+hierarchical in that specifying any level also includes any level

+above it. For example, when using the WARN level, all WARN and

+higher messages are logged while DEBUG and INFO are ignored.

+

+\subsection configfile Logging Configuration

+

+The logging configuration can be found in the gnuradio-core.conf file

+under the [LOG] section. This allows us fairly complete control over

+the logging facilities. The main configuration functions are to set up

+the level of the loggers and set the default output behavior of the

+loggers.

+

+There are two default loggers that all gr_block's have access to:

+d_logger and d_debug_logger. The first is a standard logger meant to

+output simple information about the block while it is running. The

+debug logger is meant for debugging purposes and is added to make it

+convenient to use a secondary logger that outputs to a different

+stream or file.

+

+The four main configure options are:

+

+<pre>

+ log_level = debug

+ debug_level = debug

+ log_file = stdout

+ debug_file = stderr

+</pre>

+

+This establishes the two loggers as having access to all levels of

+logging events (DEBUG through EMERG). They are also configured not to

+use files but instead output to the console. The standard logger will

+output to standard out while the debug logger outputs to standard

+error.

+

+Changing these last two lines to another value will create files that

+are used to store the log messages. All messages are appended to the

+file.

+

+When using either standard error or standard out, the messages for the

+two different loggers will look like:

+

+<pre>

+ gr::log :\<level\>: \<block alias\> - \<message\>

+ gr::debug :\<level\>: \<block alias\> - \<message\>

+</pre>

+

+When using a file, the only difference in the format is that the

+message prefix of "gr::log" or "gr::debug" is not used. Instead, the

+time in milliseconds from the start of the program is inserted.

+

+Remember that a local "~/.gnuradio/config.conf" file can be used to

+override any parameter in the global file (see \ref prefs for more

+details).

+

+To use these loggers inside of a GNU Radio block, we use the protected

+data members of d_logger and d_debug_logger of gr_block and pass them

+to our pre-defined macros:

+

+\code

+ GR_LOG_<level>(<logger>, "<Message to print>");

+\endcode

+

+Where \<level\> is one of the levels as mentioned above, \<logger\> is

+either d_logger or d_debug_logger, and \<Message to print\> is the

+message we want to output. If we wanted to output an INFO level

+message to the standard logger and a WARN level message to the debug

+logger, it would look like this:

+

+\code

+ GR_LOG_INFO(d_logger, "Some info about the block");

+ GR_LOG_WARN(d_debug_logger, "Some warning about the block");

+\endcode

+

+When this is printed to wherever you are directing the output of the

+logger, it will look like:

+

+<pre>

+ gr::log :INFO: <block's alias> - Some info about the block

+ gr::debug :WARN: <block's alias> - Some warning about the block

+</pre>

+

+This provides us information about where the message came from, the

+level of the message, and the block that generated the message. We use

+the concept of the block's alias which by default (i.e., unless

+otherwise set by the user) includes the name of the block and a unique

+ID to distinguish it from other blocks of the same type.

+

+The various logging macros are defined in gr_logger.h. Here are some

+simple examples of using them:

+

+\code

+ GR_LOG_DEBUG(LOG, "DEBUG message");

+ GR_LOG_INFO(LOG, "INFO message");

+ GR_LOG_NOTICE(LOG, "NOTICE message");

+ GR_LOG_WARN(LOG, "WARNING message");

+ GR_LOG_ERROR(LOG, "ERROR message");

+ GR_LOG_CRIT(LOG, "CRIT message");

+ GR_LOG_ALERT(LOG, "ALERT message");

+ GR_LOG_FATAL(LOG, "FATAL message");

+ GR_LOG_EMERG(LOG, "EMERG message");

+\endcode

+

+If the logger is not enabled, then these macros become nops and do

+nothing (and d_logger and d_debug_logger are NULL pointers). If

+logging is enabled but the log4cpp library is not found, then TRACE,

+INFO, and NOTICE levels go to stdout and the rest to stderr.

+

+

+\subsection adv_config Advanced Configuration Options

+

+If not using the simplified settings discussed above, where we can

+direct the logger messages to either a file or one of the standard

+outputs, we must use a more complicated configuration file. We do this

+by specifying the "log_config" option in the [LOG] section. The

+log4cpp documentation will provide more information on how

+configuration works and looks. Mostly, a default configuration script

+provided with GNU Radio can be used. After installation, the default

+configuration script is located at:

+

+<pre>

+ $prefix/etc/gnuradio/gr_log_default.xml

+</pre>

+

+For the following examples, we will assume that our local

+"~/.gnuradio/config.conf" looks like this:

+

+\code

+[LOG]

+log_config = /opt/gr/etc/gnuadio/gr_log_default.xml

+log_level = debug

+debug_level = Off

+\endcode

+

+Inside of the XML default configuration file, we define the parameters

+for the two logger's, the standard logger the separate debug logger.

+

+If the levels of the two loggers are specified in our configuration

+file, as in the above example, these levels override any levels

+specified in the XML file. Here, we have turned on the standard logger

+(d_logger) to all levels and turned off the debug logger

+(d_debug_logger). So even if the debug logger is used in the code, it

+will not actually output any information. Conversely, any level of

+output passed to the standard logger will output because we have

+turned this value to the lowest level "debug."

+

+If both an XML configuration file is set and the "log_file" or

+"debug_file" options are set at the same time, both systems are

+actually used. So you can configure file access and the pattern

+through the XML file while also still outputting to stdout or stderr.

+

+

+\section advlog Advanced Usage

+

+The description above for using the logging facilities is specific to

+GNU Radio blocks. We have put the code necessary to access the

+debugger into the gr_block parent class to simplify access and make

+sure all blocks have the ability to quickly and easily use the logger.

+

+For non gr_block-based code, we have to get some information about the

+logger in order to properly access it. Each logger only exists once as

+a singleton in the system, but we need to get a pointer to the right

+logger and then set it up for our local use. The following code

+snippet shows how to do this to get access to the standard logger,

+which has a root of "gr_log." (access to the debug logger is similar

+except we would use "gr_log_debug." in the GR_LOG_GETLOGGER call):

+

+\code

+ gr_prefs *p = gr_prefs::singleton();

+ std::string log_file = p->get_string("LOG", "log_config", "");

+ std::string log_level = p->get_string("LOG", "log_level", "off");

+ GR_CONFIG_LOGGER(log_file);

+ GR_LOG_GETLOGGER(LOG, "gr_log." + "my_logger_name");

+ GR_LOG_SET_LEVEL(LOG, log_level);

+\endcode

+

+This creates a pointer called LOG (which is instantiated as a

+log4cpp:LoggerPtr in the macro) that we can now use locally as the

+input to our logging macros like 'GR_LOG_INFO(LOG, "message")'.

+

+*/

+\li \ref page_logger

+\li \ref page_tagged_stream_blocks

+

+

+\section oot_config_page Out-of-Tree Configuration

+

+New as of 3.6.5.

+

+Using gr_modtool, each package comes with the ability to easily locate

+the gnuradio-core library using the 'find_package(GnuradioCore)' cmake

+command. This only locates that the library and include directories

+exist, which is enough for most simple projects.

+

+As projects become more complicated and start needing to rely on other

+GNU Radio components like gnuradio-blocks or gnuradio-filter, for

+example, and when they become dependent on certain API compatibility

+versions of GNU Radio, we need something more. And so we have

+introduced the GnuradioConfig.cmake file.

+

+When GNU Radio is installed, it also installs a GNU Radio-specific

+cmake config file that we can use for more advanced compatibility

+issues of our projects. This tool allows us to specific the API

+compatible version and a set of components that are required.

+

+Taking the above example, say we have built against version 3.6.5 with

+features that were introduced in this version and we need the blocks

+and filter components as well as the main core library. We fist set a

+cmake variable GR_REQUIRED_COMPONENTS to the components we need. We

+then use the 'find_package' command and also set a minimum required

+API compatible version. Since we are on the 3.6 API version, the

+minimum required version is "3.6.5". The code in the CMakeLists.txt

+file would look like this:

+

+\code

+ set(GR_REQUIRED_COMPONENTS RUNTIME BLOCKS FILTER)

+ find_package(Gnuradio 3.6.5)

+\endcode

+

+Note that the capitalization is important on both lines.

+

+If the installed version of GNU Radio is 3.6.4 or some other API

+version like 3.5 or 3.7, the Cmake configuration will fail with the

+version error. Likewise, if libgnuradio-filter was not installed as

+part of GNU Radio, the configuration will also fail.

+

+\subsection oot_config_path_page Install Path

+

+Cmake has to know where to find these configuration files. They are

+installed into $prefix/lib/cmake/gnuradio. If $prefix is '/usr' or

+'/usr/local', then everything should work fine. If the GNU Radio

+install $prefix is something else, then Cmake must be told where to

+find it. This can be done in two ways. If you are installing the

+out-of-tree module into the same $prefix, then you would be setting

+'-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX' on the configuration command line. This is

+enough to tell Cmake where to look for the configuration files.

+

+The other way to do it is to set the CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH environmental

+variable to $prefix. You can then install your component anywhere

+you'd like and it will be able to find and configure against the

+installed GNU Radio.

+

+in all sorts of applications.

+examples for these blocks in <b>gr-filter/examples</b>.

+found on line 49 of <b>gr-filter/examples/channelizer.py</b>

+/*! \page page_tagged_stream_blocks Tagged Stream Blocks

+

+\section intro Introduction

+

+A tagged stream block is a block that works on streamed, but packetized input data.

+Think of packet data transmission: A data packet consists of N bytes. However, in

+traditional GNU Radio blocks, if we stream N bytes into a block, there's no way of

+knowing the packet boundary. This might be relevant: Perhaps the modulator has to

+prepend a synchronisation word before every packet, or append a CRC. So while some

+blocks don't care about packet boundaries, other blocks do: These are <em>tagged

+stream blocks</em>.

+

+These blocks are different from all the other GNU Radio block types (gr_block, gr_sync_block etc.) in that they are driven by the input: The PDU length tag tells the block how to

+operate, whereas other blocks are output-driven (the scheduler tries to fill up the output

+buffer are much as possible).

+

+\subsection howtheywork How do they work?

+

+As the name implies, tagged stream blocks use tags to identify PDU boundaries.

+On the first item of a streamed PDU, there \em must be a tag with a specific

+key, which stores the length of the PDU as a pmt_integer. If anything else, or no tag,

+is on this first item, this will cause the flow graph to crash!

+

+The scheduler then takes care of everything. When the work function is called, it

+is guaranteed to contain exactly one complete PDU and enough space in the output buffer for

+the output.

+

+\subsection relatestootherblocks How do they relate to other block types (e.g. sync blocks)?

+

+Tagged stream blocks and sync blocks are really orthogonal concepts, and a block could be

+both (gr::digital::ofdm_frame_equalizer_vcvc is such a block). However, because the work

+function is defined differently in these block types, there is no way to derive a block

+from both gr_tagged_stream_block and gr_sync_block.

+

+If a block needs the tagged stream mechanism (i.e. knowing about PDU boundaries), it must be

+derived from gr_tagged_stream_block. If it's also a sync block, it is still possible to

+set gr_block::set_relative_rate(1.0) and/or the fixed rate functions.

+

+The way gr_tagged_stream_block works, it is still beneficial to specify a relative rate,

+if possible.

+

+

+\section creating Creating a tagged stream block

+

+To create a tagged stream block, the block must be derived from gr_tagged_stream_block.

+Here's a minimal example of how the header file could look:

+\code

+#include <digital/api.h>

+#include <gr_tagged_stream_block.h>

+

+namespace gr {

+ namespace digital {

+

+ class DIGITAL_API crc32_bb : virtual public gr_tagged_stream_block

+ {

+ public:

+ typedef boost::shared_ptr<crc32_bb> sptr;

+

+ static sptr make(bool check=false, const std::string& len_tag_key="packet_len");

+ };

+

+ } // namespace digital

+} // namespace gr

+

+\endcode

+

+It is very similar to any other block definition. Two things are stand out: First,

+gr_tagged_stream_block.h is included to allow deriving from gr_tagged_stream_block.

+

+The other thing is in the make function: the second argument is a string containing

+the key of the length tags. This is not necessary (the block could get this information

+hard-coded), but the usual way is to allow the user to change this tag, but give a

+default value (in this case, \p packet_len).

+

+The implementation header (*_impl.h) also looks a bit different (again this is cropped to the relevant parts):

+\code

+#include <digital/crc32_bb.h>

+namespace gr {

+ namespace digital {

+

+ class crc32_bb_impl : public crc32_bb

+ {

+ public:

+ crc32_bb_impl(bool check, const std::string& len_tag_key);

+ ~crc32_bb_impl();

+

+ int calculate_output_stream_length(const gr_vector_int &ninput_items);

+ int work(int noutput_items,

+ gr_vector_int &ninput_items,

+ gr_vector_const_void_star &input_items,

+ gr_vector_void_star &output_items);

+ };

+

+ } // namespace digital

+} // namespace gr

+\endcode

+

+First, the \p work function signature is new. The argument list looks like that from

+gr_block::general_work() (note: the arguments mean the same, too), but it's called

+\p work like with the other derived block types (such as gr_sync_block). Also, there's a new

+function: \p calculate_output_stream_length() is, in a sense, the opposite function to

+gr_block::forecast(). Given a number of input items, it calculates the required number of

+output items. Note how this relates to the fact that these blocks are input-driven.

+

+These two overrides (\p work() and \p calculate_output_stream_length() ) are what you need

+for most tagged stream blocks. There are cases when you don't need to override the latter

+because the default behaviour is enough, and other cases where you have to override more

+than these two functions. These are discussed in \ref adv_usage.

+

+Finally, this is part of the actual block implementation (heavily cropped again, to highlight the relevant parts):

+\code

+#include <gr_io_signature.h>

+#include "crc32_bb_impl.h"

+

+namespace gr {

+ namespace digital {

+

+ crc32_bb::sptr crc32_bb::make(bool check, const std::string& len_tag_key)

+ {

+ return gnuradio::get_initial_sptr (new crc32_bb_impl(check, len_tag_key));

+ }

+

+ crc32_bb_impl::crc32_bb_impl(bool check, const std::string& len_tag_key)

+ : gr_tagged_stream_block("crc32_bb",

+ gr_make_io_signature(1, 1, sizeof (char)),

+ gr_make_io_signature(1, 1, sizeof (char)),

+ len_tag_key),

+ d_check(check)

+ {

+ }

+

+ int

+ crc32_bb_impl::calculate_output_stream_length(const gr_vector_int &ninput_items)

+ {

+ if (d_check) {

+ return ninput_items[0] - 4;

+ } else {

+ return ninput_items[0] + 4;

+ }

+ }

+

+ int

+ crc32_bb_impl::work (int noutput_items,

+ gr_vector_int &ninput_items,

+ gr_vector_const_void_star &input_items,

+ gr_vector_void_star &output_items)

+ {

+ const unsigned char *in = (const unsigned char *) input_items[0];

+ unsigned char *out = (unsigned char *) output_items[0];

+

+ // Do all the signal processing...

+ // Don't call consume!

+

+ return new_packet_length;

+ }

+

+ } // namespace digital

+} // namespace gr

+\endcode

+

+The make function is not different to any other block. The constructor calls

+gr_tagged_stream_block::gr_tagged_stream_block() as expected, but note that it passes the

+key of the length tag to the parent constructor.

+

+The block in question is a CRC block, and it has two modes: It can check the CRC (which is

+then dropped), or it can append a CRC to a sequence of bytes. The \p calculate_output_stream_length() function

+is thus very simple: depending on how the block is configured, the output is either 4 bytes

+longer or shorter than the input stream.

+

+The \p work() function looks very similar to any other work function. When writing the

+signal processing code, the following things must be kept in mind:

+- The work function is called for exactly one PDU, and no more (or less) may be processed

+- \p ninput_items contains the exact number of items in this PDU (at every port).

+ These items \em will be consumed after \p work() exits.

+- Don't call \p consume() or \p consume_each() yourself! gr_tagged_stream_block will do that

+ for you.

+- You can call \p produce() or \p produce_each(), if you're doing something complicated.

+ Don't forget to return WORK_CALLED_PRODUCE in that case.

+

+

+\subsection note_on_tp A note on tag propagation

+

+Despite using tags for a special purpose, all tags that are not the length tag are treated

+exactly as before: use gr_block::set_tag_propagation_policy() in the constructor.

+

+In a lot of the cases, though, you will need to specify set_tag_propagation_policy(TPP_DONT)

+and manually handle the tag propagation in \p work(). This is because the unknown length of

+the PDUs at compile time prohibits us from setting a precise relative rate of the block,

+which is a requirement for automatic tag propagation.

+Only if the tagged stream block is also a sync block (including interpolators and decimators,

+i.e. blocks with an integer rate change), can automatic tag propagation be reliably used.

+

+The CRC block seems to a very simple block, but it's already complicated enough to confuse

+the automatic tag propagation. For example, what happens to tags which are on the CRC? Do

+they get removed, or do they get moved to the last item before the CRC? Also, the input to

+output rate is different for every PDU length.

+

+In this case, it is necessary for the developer to define a tag propagation policy and

+implement it in \p work(). Also, it is good practice to specify that tag propagation policy

+in the blocks documentation.

+

+The actual length tags \em are treated differently, though. Most importantly, you don't have

+to write the new length tag yourself. The key for the output length tag is the same as that

+on the input, if you don't want this, you must override gr_tagged_stream_block::update_length_tags().

+

+

+\section adv_usage Advanced Usage

+

+It is generally recommended to read the block documentation of gr_tagged_stream_block.

+

+A few special cases are described here:

+

+\subsection multiplelentags Multiple length tags

+

+In some cases, a single tag is not enough. One example is the OFDM receiver: one OFDM frame contains a certain number of OFDM symbols, and another number of bytes--these numbers are only

+very loosely related, and one cannot be calculated from the other.

+

+gr::digital::ofdm_serializer_vcc is such a block. It is driven by the number of OFDM frames,

+but the output is determined by the number of complex symbols. In order to use multiple length

+tag keys, it overrides update_length_tags().

+

+\subsection backtogrblock Falling back to gr_block behaviour

+

+If, at compile-time, it is uncertain whether or not a block should be a

+gr_tagged_stream_block, there is the possibility of falling back to gr_block behaviour.

+

+To do this, simple don't pass an empty string as length tag key. Instead of crashing,

+a tagged stream block will behave like a gr_block.

+

+This has some consequences: The work function must have all the elements of a

+gr_block::general_work() function, including calls to consume(). Because such a block must

+allow both modes of operation (PDUs with tags, and infinite-stream), the work function

+must check which mode is currently relevant. Checking if

+gr_tagged_stream_block::d_length_tag_key_str is empty is a good choice.

+

+gr::digital::ofdm_cyclic_prefixer implements this.

+

+\subsection otherwaysdetermineninput Other ways to determine the number of input items

+

+If the number of input items is not stored as a pmt::pmt_integer, but there is a way to determine

+it, gr_tagged_stream_block::parse_length_tags() can be overridden to figure out the length

+of the PDU.

+

+\section examples Examples

+

+\subsection CRC32 CRC32

+

+Block: gr::digital::crc32_bb

+

+This is a very simple block, and a good example to start with.

+

+\subsection ofdmeq OFDM Frame Equalizer

+

+Block: gr::digital::ofdm_frame_equalizer_vcvc

+

+This block would be a sync block if tagged stream blocks didn't exist. It also uses more

+than one tag to determine the output.

+

+\subsection muxer Tagged Stream Muxer

+

+Block: gr::blocks::tagged_stream_mux

+

+Use this to multiplex any number of tagged streams.

+

+\subsection ofdmprefixer Cyclic Prefixer (OFDM)

+

+Block: gr::digital::ofdm_cyclic_prefixer

+

+This block uses the gr_block behaviour fallback.

+

+*/